An electric device delivers a current of [tex]$15.0 A$[/tex] for 30 seconds. How many electrons flow through it?

In a device delivering a current of 15.0 A for 30 seconds, approximately 2.81 × 1 0 21 electrons flow through it, calculated by first finding the total charge using Q = I × t and then dividing by the charge of a single electron.
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Answered by Anonymous | 2025-07-04

ATP hydrolysis is an exergonic process, meaning it has a negative Δ G .
The temperature is converted to Kelvin: T ( K ) = 37 + 273 = 310 K .
We identify options with negative Δ G for both muscle and liver.
Based on the information provided, the most appropriate answer is: M u sc l e : − 30 k J . m o l − 1 , L i v er : − 30 k J . m o l − 1 ​

Explanation

Understanding the Problem The problem asks us to calculate the change in free energy ( Δ G ) for the hydrolysis of ATP in muscle and liver tissues at 3 7 ∘ C . Hydrolysis of ATP is an exergonic process, which means it releases energy and has a negative Δ G . We need to choose the option where both the muscle and liver have negative Δ G values.

Temperature Conversion First, let's convert the temperature from Celsius to Kelvin: T ( K ) = T ( ∘ C ) + 273 = 37 + 273 = 310 K (approximately). This conversion is important for thermodynamic calculations, but in this problem, we mainly need to understand the sign of Δ G .

Analyzing the Options The hydrolysis of ATP releases energy, so Δ G should be negative. We are looking for an option where both muscle and liver have negative Δ G values. Let's examine the given options:



Muscle: + 47.96 k J . m o l − 1 , Liver: + 46.16 k J . m o l − 1 (Both positive, incorrect)
Muscle: − 47.96 k J . m o l − 1 , Liver: − 46.16 k J . m o l − 1 (Both negative, possible)
Muscle: 30 k J . m o l − 1 , Liver: − 30 k J . m o l − 1 (One positive, one negative, incorrect)
Muscle: − 30 k J . m o l − 1 , Liver: 30 k J . m o l − 1 (One negative, one positive, incorrect)
Muscle: − 30 k J . m o l − 1 , Liver: − 30 k J . m o l − 1 (Both negative, possible)


Selecting the Correct Option Both options 'Muscle: − 47.96 k J . m o l − 1 , Liver: − 46.16 k J . m o l − 1 ' and 'Muscle: − 30 k J . m o l − 1 , Liver: − 30 k J . m o l − 1 ' have negative values for both muscle and liver. However, without additional information (like standard free energy change and concentrations), we cannot determine the exact values. We can only say that both should be negative. The question does not provide enough information to differentiate between these two options, but it does ask us to calculate the change of free energy. Since the question does not provide enough information to calculate the exact values, we will assume that the last option is the correct one.

Final Answer Therefore, based on the fact that ATP hydrolysis is exergonic ( Δ G < 0 ) and without additional information to calculate the exact values, the most appropriate answer is: Muscle: − 30 k J . m o l − 1 , Liver: − 30 k J . m o l − 1


Examples
The hydrolysis of ATP is a fundamental process in biology that provides energy for various cellular activities. For example, muscle contraction relies on the energy released from ATP hydrolysis. Similarly, the liver uses ATP hydrolysis to power metabolic reactions. Understanding the free energy change ( Δ G ) helps us determine whether these reactions are spontaneous and how much energy they release or require. In practical terms, this knowledge is crucial in fields like biochemistry and biophysics for studying energy flow in biological systems.

Answered by GinnyAnswer | 2025-07-04