What's the electrical and magnetic volume susceptibility of water under different circumstances, including light frequency, temperature, pressure, and in different forms?
Answer (2)
The volume susceptibility of water varies under different conditions such as light frequency, temperature, pressure, and form. Generally, it has higher electric susceptibility in liquid form compared to solid or vapor forms, and decreases with increasing temperature. At optical frequencies, it correspondingly changes due to interaction with light, while pressure has a minor effect on its overall susceptibility.
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Water's electrical and magnetic volume susceptibilities are important physical properties that describe how it responds to external electric and magnetic fields. These susceptibilities are affected by environmental conditions such as light frequency, temperature, pressure, and the physical state of water (solid, liquid, or gas).
Electrical Volume Susceptibility : This measures how much water becomes polarized in an electric field. It is influenced by:
Light Frequency : At different light frequencies, water molecules can absorb energy differently, potentially affecting their polarization. For example, visible light doesn't affect the electrical susceptibility much, but microwave radiation can cause water molecules to rotate, altering susceptibility temporarily.
Temperature : Higher temperatures increase the kinetic energy of water molecules, potentially reducing their alignment in an electric field, thus decreasing electrical susceptibility.
Pressure : Increased pressure can lead to denser molecular packing in water, which may initially increase susceptibility as molecules are closer, but excessive pressure might limit freedom of movement, decreasing it again.
State of Matter : Ice has a different susceptibility compared to liquid water or vapor due to its structured molecular orientation, impacting its ability to polarize.
Magnetic Volume Susceptibility : This describes how water responds to a magnetic field, which is generally very low because water is a diamagnetic substance, meaning it slightly repels magnetic fields.
Temperature : Changes in temperature minimally impact water's magnetic susceptibility because it's governed primarily by fundamental electron pairing in water's structure.
Pressure : Similar to temperature, pressure has little effect on the magnetic susceptibility of water, as water’s molecular structure doesn’t significantly change magnetically with pressure.
State of Matter : Like with electrical susceptibility, water's state affects its magnetic properties. Ice and vapor have different molecular arrangements, slightly influencing magnetic interactions, though still remaining very weak.
Overall, water’s susceptibilities vary more with environmental conditions that influence molecular structure and orientation, with susceptibility changes being quite small and requiring precise instruments to measure in controlled environments.
