Valles Marineris on Mars primarily formed due to tectonic fractures caused by the cooling and contraction of the planet's crust. This tectonic activity led to the creation of deep canyons. Therefore, the correct answer to the question is B. Tectonic fractures.
;
Valles Marineris on Mars mainly formed due to tectonic fractures caused by the cooling and contraction of the planet's crust. This process involved the stretching of the crust, leading to deep canyons and faults. Other factors like erosion, asteroid impacts, and subduction do not primarily account for its formation. ;