Which of the following would have a permanent dipole force?
A. CH
B. H₂O
C. F2
D. Sg
Answer (1)
Methane (CH₄) has a tetrahedral geometry with nonpolar C-H bonds, resulting in no dipole moment.
Water (H₂O) has a bent geometry with polar O-H bonds, and the bond dipoles do not cancel, creating a permanent dipole moment.
Fluorine (F₂) is a diatomic molecule with a nonpolar F-F bond, so it has no dipole moment.
Seaborgium (Sg) is a monatomic element and does not have a dipole moment.
The molecule with a permanent dipole force is \boxed{H₂O}.
Explanation
Analyzing the Molecules Let's analyze each of the given molecules to determine if they have a permanent dipole moment. A molecule possesses a permanent dipole moment if it has polar bonds and its geometry is such that these bond dipoles do not cancel each other out.
Methane (CH₄) A. CHA: This is likely a typo and should be CH₄ (methane). Methane has a tetrahedral geometry. The C-H bonds are considered to be nonpolar because the electronegativity difference between carbon and hydrogen is small. Therefore, methane does not have a permanent dipole moment.
Water (H₂O) B. H₂O: Water has a bent geometry. The O-H bonds are polar because oxygen is much more electronegative than hydrogen. The bond dipoles do not cancel each other out due to the bent geometry, resulting in a net dipole moment. Therefore, water has a permanent dipole moment.
Fluorine (F₂) C. F₂: Fluorine gas is a diatomic molecule with a linear geometry. The F-F bond is nonpolar because both atoms are the same. Therefore, fluorine gas does not have a permanent dipole moment.
Seaborgium (Sg) D. Sg: Seaborgium is a monatomic element. Monatomic elements do not form bonds and therefore do not have bond dipoles or a molecular geometry to consider. Thus, seaborgium does not have a permanent dipole moment.
Conclusion Based on the analysis, only water (H₂O) has a permanent dipole moment.
Examples
Understanding dipole moments is crucial in various real-world applications. For instance, the unique properties of water, such as its ability to dissolve many substances, are due to its dipole moment. This makes water essential for life and various industrial processes. In contrast, nonpolar substances like methane are used as fuels because they don't interact strongly with other molecules, allowing them to burn efficiently. The principles of dipole moments also play a significant role in designing new materials with specific electrical properties.
